Title : Freshwater algae frontiers: Unlocking nature’s potential for a sustainable world
Abstract:
Freshwater algae are at the forefront of green innovation due to their wide benefits in improving soil health, nutrient cycling, pest control biomolecules, carbon mitigation, and ecosystems restoration. Algal-based biofertilizers provide a strong substitute for synthetic inputs in agriculture, addressing declining crop yield and soil degradation. Anabaena, Nostoc, and Chlorella are among the species that improve soil texture, fertility, and moisture retention through nitrogen fixation, phytohormone secretion, and organic matter enrichment. By substituting biologically derived nutrients for chemical fertilizers in agriculture enhances sustainability even more and promotes chemical-free, circular crop production. Algae also offer eco-friendly options for pest and disease control. Their bioactive substances such as antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antiviral that are present sustainable alternatives to traditional agrochemicals. These secondary metabolites, when integrated into pest management systems, minimise environmental toxicity and increase biodiversity. Recent study emphasises their usefulness and scalability within Integrated Pest Management (IPM) frameworks. Furthermore, algae contribute to ecosystem resilience through the production of Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) which improve moisture retention and aggregate cohesion, especially in dry and semi-arid areas. Beyond soil stability, pest control, and fertiliser management, algae play an important role in climate action. Microalgae and macroalgae use photosynthesis to absorb CO? from the atmosphere and produce oxygen, accounting for almost half of the Earth's supply. Fast-growing species such as diatoms and kelps store carbon efficiently, and advances in photobioreactor technology, genetic engineering, and AI optimisation have increased the possibility for large-scale production. These advancements promote algae's use in biofuel generation and low-carbon development. Collectively, freshwater algae represent a frontier of biological innovation with vast potential to mitigate climate change, reshape agriculture, and restore ecological balance. Continued policy support, interdisciplinary research, and technological advancement are essential to unlock the full potential of Algae for a sustainable world.
